Serverlab presenta in esclusiva l’elaborato di Enrico Giacomin sulla virtualizzazione dei sistemi operativi, realizzato in collaborazione con la Facoltà di Ingegneria e il Corso di laurea online di Ingegneria informatica del Politecnico di Milano.

Il testo affronta in maniera articolata i diversi approcci alla virtualizzazione di VMware e di Xen, la tecnologia basata su hypervisor oggi implementata da Citrix. Da parallelo emergono le potenzialità di VMware e Xen ma non solo: l’autore ripercorre le tappe principali della storia della virtualizzazione, evidenziandone i benefici e le problematiche incontrate e poi risolte.

La virtualizzazione dei sistemi operativi è stato pubblicato a puntate.

Indice

Sommario »

Concetti di base sulla virtualizzazione »

1. Utilizzi e benefici della virtualizzazione »
2. Tipi di virtualizzazione »
   1. Emulation »
   2. Full Virtualization »
   3. Paravirtualization »
   4. Operating System Level Virtualization »

VMware »

1. Architettura di VMware ESX »
2. Il Virtualization Layer »
   1. Virtualizzazione della CPU »
      1. CPU con supporto alla virtualizzazione »
   2. Virtualizzazione della memoria »
      1. Software MMU »
      2. Hardware MMU »
   3. Virtualizzazione dello storage e della rete »
3. Il Resource Manager »
   1. L’allocazione della CPU »
   2. Allocazione della memoria tra le macchine virtuali »
      1. Memory Balloon Driver »
      2. Swapping »
      3. Condivisione delle memoria tra macchine virtuali »
   3. Allocazione dello storage e della rete »
      1. Supporto hardware all’allocazione della banda di rete »
4. L’interfaccia hardware »
   1. Device drivers »
   2. Il file system VMFS »
5. La service console »

Xen »

1. L’architettura di Xen »
   1. Xen Hypervisor »
   2. Domain 0 »
   3. Domain U »
   4. Domain Management and Control »
      1. Xend »
      2. Xm »
      3. Xenstored »
      4. Libxenctrl »
      5. Qemu-dm »
2. La virtualizzazione delle risorse hardware »
   1. La gestione della memoria »
      1. Virtual Address translation »
      2. La memoria fisica »
   2. La virtualizzazione della CPU »
      1. Lo scheduling delle CPU tra le macchine virtuali »
   3. La virtualizzazione delle device di I/O »
   4. La rete »
   5. Disco »

Appendice: Flusso delle istruzioni tra CPU virtuale e fisica »

Bibliografia e riferimenti

• Architettura dei Computer – Un approccio strutturato di Andrew S. Tanenbaum, ISBN: 8871922719
• VMware ESX Server: Advanced Technical Design Guide (Advanced Technical Design Guide series) di Ron Oglesby e Scott Herold, ISBN-10: 0971151067
• Running Xen: A Hands-On Guide to the Art of Virtualization di Jeanna N. Matthews, Eli M. Dow, Todd Deshane, Wenjin Hu, Jeremy Bongio, Patrick F. Wilbur, Brendan Johnson, ISBN-10: 0132349663
• Architecture of VMware ESXi: The Best Damn Server Virtualization Book Period di David Rule, Rogier Dittner, ISBN 13: 978-1-59749-217-1
• The Definitive Guide to the Xen Hypervisor di David Chisnall, ISBN-13: 978-0-13-234971-0
• The Architecture of VMware ESXi:
  • www.vmware.com/files/pdf/ESXi_architecture.pdf
• VMware and CPU Virtualization Technology:
  • download3.vmware.com/vmworld/2005/pac346.pdf
• The Role of Memory in VMware ESX Server 3:
  • www.vmware.com/resources/techresources/605
• VMware Infrastructure 3 architecture:
  • www.vmware.com/resources/techresources/410
• VMware Virtual Machine File System: Technical Overview and Best Practices:
  • www.vmware.com/pdf/vmfs-best-practices-wp.pdf
• Virtual Memory and MMU Concepts:
  • www-sop.inria.fr/everest/personnel/Andres.Krapf/docs/mm.pdf
• Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manuals:
  • www.intel.com/products/processor/manuals/index.htm
• Home page Intel Virtualization technology:
  • www.intel.com/technology/virtualization/
• Intel® Virtualization Technology: Hardware support for efficient processor Virtualization:
  • download.intel.com/technology/itj/2006/v10i3/v10-i3-art01.pdf
• Understanding Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT):
  • download.microsoft.com/download/TWAR05015_WinHEC05.ppt
• Hardware Assisted Virtualization:
  • www.dc.uba.ar/events/eci/2008/courses/n2/Virtualization-Hardware.ppt
• AMD Virtualization (AMD-V™) Technology:
  • www.amd.com/us-en/0,,3715_15781_15785,00.html
• AMD Direct Connect Architecture:
  • www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation.html
• Performance Evaluation of AMD RVI Hardware Assist:
  • www.vmware.com/resources/techresources/1079
• Non-Uniform Memory Access:
  • it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUMA
• Memory Resource Management in VMware ESX Server:
  • www.waldspurger.org/carl/papers/esx-mem-osdi02.pdf
• Frequently Asked Questions: NUMA, SMP and AMDs Direct Connect Architecture
  • developer.amd.com/documentation/articles/pages/810200618.aspx
• Virtualization and You What AMD-V Means for the Developer:
  • developer.amd.com/documentation/articles/pages/3292007157.aspx
• The Role of x86 Processors in the Virtualized, Energy-Cons trained Datacenter
  • www.zdnet.co.uk/i/z5/wp/2008/amd/IDCWP38Q_Web.pdf
• Why Virtualization Runs Faster on AMD Opteron™ Processors
  • developer.amd.com/WhyVirtualizationRunsFasteronAMDOpteron.aspx
• Translation Lookaside Buffer:
  • it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_Lookaside_Buffer
• Live Migration with AMD-V™ Extended Migration Technology:
  • developer.amd.com/assets/Live-Virtual-Machine-Migration-on-AMD-processors.pdf
• Intel VMDq Technology:
  • download.intel.com/network/connectivity/products/whitepapers/VMDq_tek_wp-FINAL_Mar08.pdf
• Xen 3.0 and the art of Virtualization:
  • www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/papers/2003-xensosp.pdf
  • www.cl.cam.ac.uk/netos/papers/2005-xen-ols.ppt
  • www.linuxinsight.com/files/ols2005/pratt-reprint.pdf
  • www.usenix.org/events/usenix08/tech/slides/pratt.pdf
• Xen Wiki:
  • wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/FrontPage
• Memory Management:
  • pdos.csail.mit.edu/6.828/2005/readings/i386/c05.htm
• XenMemory Layout:
  • www.cs.uiuc.edu/class/sp06/cs523/lectures/05/523-5-xen.pdf
• Control Register:
  • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_register
• Comparison of the Three CPU Schedulers in Xen :
  • www.xen.org/files/xensummit_4/3schedulers-xen-summit_Cherkosova.pdf
• The Xen Credit CPU Scheduler:
  • www.xen.org/files/summit_3/sched.pdf
• CreditScheduler:
  • wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/CreditScheduler
• Xen Scheduling:
  • wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/Scheduling
• Borrowed-Virtual-Time (BVT) scheduling: supporting latency-sensitive threads in a general-purpose scheduler:
  • www.cs.ucla.edu/~kohler/class/04f-aos/ref/duda99borrowed.pdf
• Earliest deadline first scheduling:
  • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_deadline_first_scheduling
• Efficient data transfer through zero copy:
  • www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/j-zerocopy/index.html
• Safe Hardware Access with the Xen Virtual Machine Monitor:
  • www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/srg/netos/papers/2004-oasis-ngio.pdf
• A Performance Comparison of Hypervisors:
  • www.vmware.com/pdf/hypervisor_performance.pdf
• E6998 – Virtual Machines Lecture 2 CPU Virtualization:
  • pdc-amd01.poly.edu/~wein/cs6243/ppts/DeviceVirtualization.pptx
• The Intel 8086 / 8088/ 80186 / 80286 / 80386 / 80486 Instruction Set:
  • home.comcast.net/~fbui/intel.html